Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. 1796

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Russula emetica:

Russula emetica, commonly known as the sickener, emetic russula, or vomiting russula, is a basidiomycete mushroom, and the type species of the genus Russula. It has a red, convex to flat cap up to 8.5 cm (3.3 in) in diameter, with a cuticle that can be peeled off almost to the centre. The gills are white to pale cream, and closely spaced. A smooth white stem measures up to 10.5 cm (4.1 in) long and 2.4 cm (0.9 in) thick. First described in 1774, the mushroom has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on the ground in damp woodlands in a mycorrhizal association with conifers, especially pine.

The mushroom's common names refer to the gastrointestinal distress they cause when consumed raw. The flesh is extremely peppery, but this offensive taste, along with its toxicity, can be removed by parboiling or pickling. Although it used to be widely eaten in Russia and eastern European countries, it is generally not recommended for consumption. There are many similar Russula species that have a red cap with white stem and gills, some of which can be reliably distinguished from R. emetica only by microscopic characteristics.



Taxonomy[edit]

Russula emetica was first officially described as Agaricus emeticus by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones.[6]Christian Hendrik Persoon placed it in its current genus Russula in 1796,[7] where it remains. According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, Agaricus russula is a synonym of R. emetica that was published by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, two years earlier than Schaeffer's description. However, this name is unavailable as Persoon's name is sanctioned.[8] Additional synonyms include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Amanita rubra (1783), and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's subsequent new combination Agaricus ruber (1805).[5] The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek emetikos/εμετικος 'emetic' or 'vomit-inducing'.[9] Similarly, its common names of sickener, emetic russula,[10] and vomiting russula also refer to this attribute.[11]

Russula emetica is the type species of the genus Russula.[12] According to Rolf Singer's infrageneric classification of Russula, it is also the type of the section Russula.[13][14] In an alternative classification proposed by Henri Romagnesi, it is the type species of subsection Emeticinae.[15] A molecular analysis of European Russula species determined that R. emetica groups in a clade with R. raoultii, R. betularum, and R. nana;[16] a later analysis confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship between R. emetica and the latter two Russulas.[17]

Description[edit]

Russula emetica
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list

Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium

cap is convex

or flat

hymenium is adnate

or free
stipe is bare
spore print is white
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: poisonous
The closely spaced gills are intervenose, and occasionally forked.
The spores are elliptical to egg-shaped and ornamented with warts and spines.

The sticky cap of R. emetica is 2.5–8.5 cm (1.0–3.3 in) wide, with a shape ranging from convex (in young specimens) to flattened, sometimes with a central depression, and sometimes with a shallow umbo. It is a bright scarlet or cherry red, and in maturity, the margins have fine radial grooves extending 2–7 mm (0.08–0.3 in) towards the center of the cap. The cuticle can be readily peeled from the cap almost to the centre. The brittle flesh is white (or tinged with red directly under the cap cuticle), measures 4–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) thick, and has a very sharp and peppery taste. Gills are closely spaced, white to creamy-white, and have an attachment to the stem ranging from adnate to adnexed or completely free. They are intervenose (containing cross-veins in the spaces between the gills) and occasionally forked near the cap margin. Fruit bodies have a slightly fruity or spicy smell.[18]

The white stem measures 4.5–10.5 cm (1.8–4.1 in) long by 0.7–2.4 cm (0.3–0.9 in) thick, and is roughly the same width throughout its length, although it can be a bit thicker near the base. Its surface is dry and smooth, sometimes marked by faint longitudinal grooves. It is either stuffed (filled with a cottony pith) or partially hollow, and lacks a ring or partial veil.[18]

Russula emetica produces a white to yellowish-white spore print. Spores are roughly elliptical to egg-shaped, with a strongly warted and partially reticulate (web-like) surface. They have dimensions of 8.8–11.0 by 6.6–8 μm, and are amyloid, meaning that they will stain blue, bluish-grey, to blackish in Melzer's reagent. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, hyaline (translucent), and measure 32.9–50 by 9.0–11.6 μm. Cystidia located on the gill face (pleurocystidia) are somewhat cylindrical to club-shaped or somewhat spindle-shaped, and measure 35–88 by 7.3–12.4 μm. They are yellowish, and contain granular contents. Cheilocystidia (found on the edges of the gills), which are similar in shape to the pleurocystidia, are thin-walled, hyaline, and measure 14–24 by 4.4–7.3 μm. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae.[18]

The red pigments of this and other russulas are water soluble to some degree, and fruit bodies will often bleach or fade with rain or sunlight;[19] the cap colour of older specimens may fade to pink or orange, or develop white blotches.[20] The main pigment responsible for the red colour of the fruit bodies is called russularhodin, but little is known of its chemical composition.[21]

Toxicity[edit]

As its name implies, the sickener is inedible, though not as dangerous as sometimes described in older mushroom guides.[22] The symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, and colicky abdominal cramps. These symptoms typically begin half an hour to three hours after ingestion of the mushroom,[23] and usually subside spontaneously, or shortly after the ingested material has been expelled from the intestinal tract.[18] The active agents have not been identified but are thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus Lactarius and from Russula sardonia.[24] Sesquiterpenoids that have been identified from R. emetica include the previously known compounds lactarorufin A, furandiol, methoxyfuranalcohol, and an unnamed compound unique to this species.[25]

The bitter taste does disappear on cooking and it is said to then be edible, though consumption is not recommended.[26] The mushroom used to be widely eaten in eastern European countries and Russia after parboiling (which removes the toxins), and then salting or pickling.[27] In some regions of Hungary and Slovakia, the cap cuticle is removed and used as a spice for goulash.[28] Both the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and the American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are known to forage for, store and eat R. emetica.[29][30] Other creatures that have been documented consuming the mushroom include the snail Mesodon thyroidus,[31] several species of slugs (including Arion ater, A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, Limax maximus, L. cinereoniger, and Deroceras reticulatum),[32] the fruit flies Drosophila falleni and D. quinaria,[33] and the fungus gnat Allodia bipexa.[34]

Similar species[edit]

Russula emetica is one of over 100 red-capped Russula species known worldwide.[27] The related beechwood sickener (R. nobilis) is found under beech in Europe. Many, such as the bloody brittlegill (R. sanguinaria), are inedible; this species can be distinguished from R. emetica by the reddish flush in its stem.[27]R. aurea, however, is edible. It has a yellow stem, gills and flesh under its red cap.[35] The edible R. rugulosa—common in mixed woods in the eastern and northern United States—has a wrinkled and pimpled cap cuticle, cream spores, and mild taste.[36] Another inedible species, R. fragilis, has notched gills, and its stem stains blue with naphthol.[26] The uncommon European subspecies R. emetica longipes is distinguished by its longer stem and ochre gills.[37] The paler European mushroom R. betularum, found in coniferous forests and moorland, is sometimes considered a subspecies of R. emetica.[37]R. nana is restricted in distribution to arctic and subarctic highland meadows where dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) or alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) are abundant.[38]

Red-capped Russula lookalikes
R. sanguinaria has a reddish flush in its stem. R. nobilis grows in association with beech. R. aurea has a yellow stem, gills, and flesh. R. nana grows in highlands with dwarf willow or alpine bearberry.

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Like all species of Russula, R. emetica is mycorrhizal, and forms mutually beneficial partnerships with roots of trees and certain herbaceous plants. Preferred host plants are conifers, especially pines.[27] Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups in sphagnum moss near bogs, and in coniferous and mixed forests. The fungus occasionally fruits on humus or on very rotten wood.[18] The mushroom is known from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, and can be locally very common.[37] There is some doubt over the extent of its range in North America, as some sightings refer to the related R. silvicola; initially the name "Russula emetica" was often applied to any red-capped white Russula.[18] Sightings in Australia are now referred to the similarly coloured R. persanguinea.[39]

A multi-year field study of the growth of R. emetica production in a scots pine plantation in Scotland found that total productivity was 0.24–0.49 million mushrooms per hectare per year (roughly 0.1–0.2 million mushrooms/acre/year), corresponding to a fresh weight of 265–460 kg per hectare per year (49–85 lb/acre/year). Productivity was highest from August to October. The longevity of the mushrooms was estimated to be 4–7 days.[40] In a study of the fungal diversity of ectomycorrhizal species in a Sitka spruce forest, R. emetica was one of the top five dominant fungi. Comparing the frequency of fruit body production between 10-, 20-, 30-, or 40-year-old forest stands, R. emetica was most prolific in the latter.[41]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

  1. ^ de Lamarck JBAP. (1783). Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (in French) 1–1. Paris; Liège (France): Panckoucke; Plomteux. p. 105. 
  2. ^ de Lamarck CJ, De Candolle AP. (1805). Flore française (in French) 2 (3 ed.). Paris, France: H. Agasse. p. 140. 
  3. ^ Fries EM. (1815). Observationes Mycologicae (in Latin) 1. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gerh. Bonnier. p. 67. 
  4. ^ Murrill WA. (1914). "Agaricales (Agaricaceae)". North American Flora 10 (1): 1–76 (see p. 22). 
  5. ^ a b "Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. 1796". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-10-15. 
  6. ^ Schäffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones, nativis coloribus expressae (in Latin) 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. p. 9, t. 15,16. 
  7. ^ Persoon CH. (1796). Observationes Mycologicae (PDF) (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: Apud Petrum Phillippum Wolf. p. 100. 
  8. ^ "Agaricus russula Scop. 1772". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-28. 
  9. ^ Liddell HG, Scott R. (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. 
  10. ^ Holden EM. (2003). "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. 
  11. ^ Volk T. (September 2004). "Russula emetica, the vomiting Russula". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved 2012-10-01. 
  12. ^ "Russula Pers. 1796". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-28. 
  13. ^ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1. 
  14. ^ "Outline of the classification of European Russula according to Singer 1986 (The Agaricales in modern taxonomy)". Russulales news. 27 December 2010. Retrieved 2012-10-28. 
  15. ^ Romagnesi H. (1987). "Statuts et noms nouveaux pour les taxa infragénériques dans le genre Russula". Documentation Mycologique (in French) 18: 39–40. 
  16. ^ Miller SL, Buyck B. (2002). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Russula in Europe with a comparison of modern infrageneric classifications". Mycological Research 106 (3): 259–276. doi:10.1017/S0953756202005610. 
  17. ^ Das K, Miller SL, Sharma JR. (2006). "Russula in Himalaya 2: Four new taxa". Mycotaxon 95: 205–15. 
  18. ^ a b c d e f Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. pp. 221; 319–321. ISBN 0-88902-977-6. 
  19. ^ Ramsbottom J. (1953). Mushrooms & Toadstools. London, UK: Collins. p. 102. ISBN 1-870630-09-2. 
  20. ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. 
  21. ^ Watson P. (1966). "Investigation of pigments from Russula spp. by thin-layer chromatography". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 49 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(66)80029-3. 
  22. ^ Rubel W, Arora D. (2008). "A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example" (PDF). Economic Botany 62 (3): 223–243. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9. 
  23. ^ Edwards JN, Henry JA. (1989). "Medical problems of mushroom ingestion". Mycologist 3 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(89)80006-0. 
  24. ^ Benjamin DR. (1995). Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York, New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 369. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9. 
  25. ^ Kobata K, Kano S, Shibata H. (1995). "New lactarane sesquiterpenoid from the fungus Russula emetica". Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1271/bbb.59.316. 
  26. ^ a b Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-584-10324-7. 
  27. ^ a b c d Roberts P, Evans S. (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0. 
  28. ^ Rogers R. (2006). The Fungal Pharmacy: Medicinal Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Alberta: Prairie Deva Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-9781358-1-2. 
  29. ^ Lurz PWW, South AB. (1998). "Cached fungi in non-native conifer forests and their importance for red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris L.)". Journal of Zoology, London 246 (4): 468–471. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00184.x. 
  30. ^ Camazine S, Lupo AT. (1984). "Labile toxic compounds of the lactarii: the role of the laticiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes". Mycologia 76 (2): 355–358. JSTOR 3793113. 
  31. ^ Wolf FT, Wolf FA. (1939). "The snail Polygyra thyroidus as a mycophagist". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 66 (1): 1–5. JSTOR 2481011. 
  32. ^ Elliott WT. (1922). "Some observations on the mycophagous propensities of slugs". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 8 (1–2): 84–90. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(22)80011-5. 
  33. ^ Jaenike J. (1978). "Resource predictability and niche breadth in the Drophila quinaria species group". Evolution 32 (3): 676–678. JSTOR 2407734. 
  34. ^ Sasakawa M, Ishizaki H. (2003). "Fungus gnats of the genera Anatella, Allodia and Cordyla in Japan (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)". Entolomogical Science 6 (2): 97–109. doi:10.1046/j.1343-8786.2003.00013.x. 
  35. ^ Nilson S, Persson O. (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 118. ISBN 0-14-063006-6. 
  36. ^ Kibby G. (1994). An Illustrated Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Stamford, Connecticut: Lubrecht & Cramer. p. 40. ISBN 0-681-45384-2. 
  37. ^ a b c Kränzlin F. (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 6: Russulaceae. S.l.: Gartner Koeltz. p. 164. ISBN 3-85604-260-1. 
  38. ^ Laursen GA, Seppelt RD. (2009). Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts. College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 1-60223-058-7. 
  39. ^ Bougher NL, Syme K. (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-875560-80-6. 
  40. ^ Richardson MJ. (1970). "Studies on Russula emetics and other agarics in a Scots Pine plantation". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 55 (2): 217–229. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(70)80006-7. 
  41. ^ Palfner G, Casanova-Katny MA, Read DJ. (2005). "The mycorrhizal community in a forest chronosequence of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] in Northern England". Mycorrhiza 15 (8): 571–579. doi:10.1007/s00572-005-0364-3. PMID 15947957. 
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Guidance for identification

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Associations:

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula nobilis is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Fagus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Russula nobilis:
Russula nobilis
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list

Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is free
stipe is bare
spore print is white
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: inedible

Formerly Russula mairei (Singer), and commonly known as the beechwood sickener, the now re-classified fungus Russula nobilis (Velen.)[1] is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula. This group of mushrooms are noted for their brittle gills and bright colours.

Contents

Taxonomy

It was previously named in honour of French mycologist René Maire by Rolf Singer in 1929, but found to be the same taxon as the earlier 1920 Russula nobilis, which has naming priority.

Description

The cap is a red or rosy colour, 3–6 cm wide, convex to flat, or slightly depressed, and weakly sticky. It peels only to a third of its radius, which reveals pink flesh.[1] It is often damaged by slugs. The stem is 2–5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, cylindrical, (firmer than its conifer dwelling namesake, Russula emetica), and white. The gills are narrowly spaced, adnexed, rounded, and white, often with a faint blue-green sheen. The spore print is white.

Distribution and habitat

The species is mycorrhizal with beech (Fagus) in woodland areas.[2] It is widespread and common in Europe, Asia, and North America, where these trees grow.

Edibility

Russula nobilis is inedible, and probably poisonous in quantity, but not deadly. Many bitter tasting red-capped species can cause problems if eaten raw; the symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but thought to be caused by chemical compounds known as sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus Lactarius and from Russula sardonia.[3]

See also

List of Russula species

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Associations:

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula betularum is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Betula
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

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Russula fragilis:
Russula fragilis
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list

Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium

cap is convex

or flat
hymenium is adnexed
stipe is bare
spore print is white
edibility: inedible

The inedible wild mushroom Russula fragilis, which goes by the common name of the fragile brittlegill, is a member of the Russula genus, whose members are commonly known as brittlegills. It is a small, fragile, long stemmed, and variably coloured brittlegill, found in mixed forests, and woods in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

Russula fragilis was first described as Agaricus fragilis by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and later placed in the Russula genus by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838.

Description

The cap is 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) in diameter. It is very variable in colour, and can be dark purplish, with a dark, almost black centre, or may be various shades of olive-green, or violet-pink, or even pale yellow. The colour tends to fade quickly, and can become very pale. At first the cap shape is convex, but it later flattens. The cap skin peels to three quarters, and older specimens often have a furrowed margin. The fragile, white stipe is long for the size of the cap, and narrowly club-shaped. The gills are adnexed, and white giving a spore print of the same colour. They have distinctive nicks, or notches on their free edges, that can be seen under a hand lens, a very good diagnostic clue to species. The flesh is white and tastes very hot, with a fruity smell.[1]

Russula betularum is frequently found with birch, and although usually paler can be mistaken for washed out specimens of R. fragilis; Russula gracillima is similar in appearance, and grows in the same locations, although neither species have nicks (serrations) on the gill edges.

Distribution and habitat

Russula fragilis appears in late summer and autumn, usually growing in small groups. It is widespread in the northern temperate zones of Europe, Asia, and North America. It is probably mycorrhizal with a variety of trees, including birch and oak.[2]

Edibility

This mushroom is inedible due to its very hot taste. Many hot tasting Russula species cause problems of a gastrointestinal nature when consumed, resulting in diarrhoea, and vomiting.

See also

References

  1. ^ Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. pp. 25. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  2. ^ Laessoe T. (1998). Mushrooms (flexi bound). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-1070-0.
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Russula betularum:
Russula betularum
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list

Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium

cap is convex

or depressed

hymenium is free

or adnexed
stipe is bare
spore print is white
edibility: inedible

Russula betularum is a small, very pale member of the Russula (brittlegills) genus of mushrooms. It is usually white to very pale pink, inedible, and grows with birch trees. It is commonly known as the birch brittlegill.

Contents

Taxonomy

The specific epithet betularum "of the birches",[1] refers to its association with birch (Betula species). Some sources regard it as a variety of the sickener (R. emetica).

Description

The cap is convex to flattened, and often has a central depression. On expansion the margin becomes furrowed, and bears low warts. It is 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) in diameter, and the cuticle may be peeled off completely. The cap ranges in colour from white to pale pink, to deep pink, and can even be pale buff. Although more often it is white with a pale pink blush, turning pale yellow ochre in the centre. The stem is typically longer than the diameter of the cap, and is cylindrical or slightly club-shaped. It is white, and very fragile. The gills are also white, and well spaced, and the spore print is white. The flesh is white and tastes hot.[2] It might be confused with Russula fragilis (Pers.) Fr. which can be pale in colour, and occur in the same habitat. However, the cuticle of the latter species is only three quarters peeling, usually darker at the centre, and with purplish tones. It also has marked serrations on the gill edges.

Distribution and habitat

Russula betularum appears in summer and early autumn. It is widespread in Britain, Europe, and Scandinavia, and is probably mycorrhizal with birch trees. It often grows in damp places in woodlands.[2]

Edibility

This mushroom is inedible, and has a hot 'peppery' taste.[2] Many bitter tasting red-capped species can cause problems if eaten raw; the symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus Lactarius and from Russula sardonia.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd.. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  2. ^ a b c Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 20. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  3. ^ Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 369. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
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Associations:

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula silvestris is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Trees
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Russula silvestris is associated with Leucobryum glaucum

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Russula silvestris is associated with Polytrichum

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123pilze.de:

Guidance for identification

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Associations:

Fungus / parasite
colony of Calcarisporium anamorph of Calcarisporium arbuscula parasitises fruitbody of Russula emetica
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula emetica is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus sylvestris
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula emetica is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Picea
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Russula emetica is associated with Sphagnum

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Rights holder/AuthorBioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK)
Sourcehttp://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Russula_emetica.htm
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith